北疆盐碱地空间分布特征分析

为了探究北疆盐碱地空间分布过程中盐碱化程度与经度、纬度及海拔高度之间的关系，基于1985年土壤调查结果，结合2015年Landest 8遥感解译去除人工绿洲结果，采用2 km×2 km网格单元，以盐碱地面积占总面积的比例作为检验区域盐碱化程度的指标，对盐碱地分布情况进行统计和分析。结果表明，北疆地区盐碱化程度受地形和降水的影响明显，特别是受土壤类型的影响更为密切；北疆地区盐碱化程度，由西向东呈增大趋势（P=0838），主要集中分布在E90°～E96°范围内，盐碱土占总面积的比例为7562%；由南向北呈减小趋势（P=-0768），主要集中分布在N40°～N43°范围内，盐碱土占总面积的比例为7782%；由低到高呈减小趋势（P=-0767），主要集中分布在-160～500 m范围内，盐碱土占总面积的比例为4741%。北疆盐碱地空间分布特征的分析对于揭示北疆盐碱化程度的变化规律，促进北疆盐碱土资源的合理开发和维持地区生态安全具有重要的意义。     

浙江庆元香菇文化系统景观特征及演变

浙江省庆元县是世界人工栽培香菇的发源地, 2014年庆元香菇文化系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产。农业遗产景观是农业文化遗产在现代生活中最直观的表现,研究遗产地的景观特征和演变状况,有助于深入理解区域景观的状况及影响因素,实现遗产的有效保护和发展。本文运用Landsat 1991年、2001年、2010年和2018年的卫星影像结合实地调研,研究庆元香菇文化系统遗产地的景观现状、特征及结构,分析1991—2018年各景观类型演变规律及可能驱动要素。结果表明:1)遗产地景观类型主要包括森林、耕地、居民地和水体4类,其中森林面积达到1 643.23km~2(86.61%),是优势景观类型。2)区内山高、林密、溪流和菌菇资源丰富,形成了"河流-村落-梯田-森林"的垂直景观结构,并拥有西洋殿、菇寮等独特的香菇文化景观,人类与自然环境和谐共生。3)1991—2018年,遗产地森林面积增加139.28km~2(7.34%),耕地面积减少154.53km~2(8.15%),居民地面积增加11.86km~2(0.63%),水体面积增加3.48km~2(0.18%)。4)景观变化与相关政策密切相关, 20世纪后半期,遗产地森林砍伐严重,森林覆盖率由79.27%降低到77.97%; 21世纪以来,封山育林和生态林业建设使森林覆盖率从77.97%上升至86.61%,退耕还林和城镇化政策则分别促使了耕地面积减少和居民地面积的微弱扩张。总之,浙江庆元香菇文化系统遗产地景观结构独特,得益于当地居民林-菇共育的传统理念、香菇栽培技术的进步和当地森林保护等政策的施行,遗产地森林面积经历轻微的下降后又迅速增加,为遗产保护和传承提供了保障。     

1992—2015年呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地类型分布时空变化遥感分析

【背景】 呼伦贝尔草原作为我国温性草原的重要组成部分,其独特的地理位置、典型的生态及气候特点、代表性的生产方式决定其在草原畜牧业生产中的重要地位,同时也是我国北方的绿色生态屏障,发挥着生态缓冲区功能。草地作为重要的陆地生态系统之一,在农牧业生产、生态及环境保护、气候变化等方面具有重要的意义。【目的】 明确不同草地类型的空间分布及变化规律,为草地研究及管理提供依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地及地物类型为研究对象,以1992年、2015年遥感影像为数据源,采用支持向量机、面对对象分类法获得研究区地物类型空间分布数据,以地统计方法分析时空变化特征,结合植物-生境学分类法划分地带性草地类型潜在分布、社会统计数据、地物类型转化过程分析气候变化、人类活动对草地类型分布的影响。【结果】 研究区耕地、林地、沙地碱地、人工表面4种地物类型面积增加,草地、水体面积减少。草地作为研究区最大的覆盖类型,1992年、2015年分布面积为7 601 258 hm²、7 148 085 hm²,减少幅度5.96%。研究区分布典型草原、草甸草原、低地草甸、山地草甸及沼泽,前3种草地类型分布面积较大,共占研究区总面积70%以上,后2种草地类型分布面积相对较少,占2%左右。除典型草原面积增加外,其他草地类型面积减少,典型草原面积增加283 790 hm²,增加幅度7.12%;草甸草原减少面积最大,减少563 439 hm²,减小幅度28.72%。研究区水分状况相对较湿润的草地类型向相对干旱的类型转换占据主导地位,1992—2015年转移面积466 687 hm²,水分状况相对较干的草地类型向相对湿润的类型转移面积212 330 hm²。【结论】 呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地及地物类型空间分布变化较为剧烈,气候变化的影响具有趋势性、长期性、难恢复性,人类活动的影响具有破碎性、可逆性、易恢复性。     

基于随机森林的高寒湿地地区土地覆盖遥感分类方法

高寒湿地是青藏高原典型独特的生态系统,是全球气候变化的敏感地带和预警区。利用遥感技术快速、准确地分类提取高寒湿地的土地覆盖信息,对当地生态安全监测和保护具有重要意义。本文以若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为研究区,首先,以高分一号(GF-1)遥感影像为数据源,融合光谱特征、水体指数、地形特征、植被指数和纹理信息等26个变量进行随机森林(Random forest,RF)分类实验;然后,根据袋外数据(Out of bag,OOB)的特征变量重要性得分和精度评价结果,选出高寒湿地地区土地覆盖类型的最优分类方案和特征;最后,对特征变量进行降维,并基于相同的变量,采用极大似然法(Maximum likelihood classification,MLC)、支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)、人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)和RF等方法进行分类,比较不同方法的优适性。结果表明:结合GF-1影像光谱、水体、植被、纹理特征和地形信息,使用26个变量的RF模型的分类精度最高,总体精度(Overall accuracy,OA)为90.07%,Kappa系数为0.86;通过RF模型的变量重要性分析可以有效选出重要的特征信息,在降低特征变量维度的同时,还能保证较高的分类精度; 4种分类方法中,RF算法是高寒湿地地区较合适的分类方法,OA比MLC基准方法高17.63个百分点,比SVM和ANN等机器学习算法分别高6.98、6.56个百分点。     

基于主被动遥感技术的地表覆被类型变化检测方法——以新疆西天山国家级自然保护区为例

旨在研究主被动遥感结合的地表覆被变化监测方法，使用高分数据和哨兵1号数据分别代表被动和主动遥感，对新疆西天山国家级自然保护区地表覆被变化情况进行检测，进而对得出的林地、草地、建筑物检测结果进行联合分析，最终得到主被动遥感联合变化检测结果。通过实地精度检验对主被动遥感联合变化检测结果进行验证。结果表明，该方法的变化检测结果精度达到90%以上。说明结合主动遥感和被动遥感既能克服天气的影响，又能在检测中保留光谱和纹理等丰富的信息，变化检测的精度较高；主被动遥感联合变化检测可以较为快速、准确地掌握地表覆被类型的变化，能够在一定程度上减少被动遥感数据的云量困扰。并且该方法在林地和建筑物上有较高的敏感性，适合森林自然保护区的森林变化和建筑监测。     

基于多载荷无人机遥感的大豆地上鲜生物量反演

以多载荷无人机获取数据和地面实测的数据为基础,将大豆生殖生长期分段建模,采用植被指数和光谱参数相结合再加上农学参数株高,通过最小二乘法建立多元线性回规模型的方法,来估算大豆开花期和结荚期的鲜生物量,采用高光谱植被指数法估算大豆鼓粒期和成熟期的鲜生物量。结果表明:在大豆开花期和结荚期内,采用混合法构建生物量反演模型利用交叉验证法,验证结果的R~2和RMSE分别为0.714和0.393;在大豆鼓粒期和成熟期内,采用高光谱植被指数法构建生物量反演模型,利用交叉验证法,验证结果的R~2和RMSE分别为0.697和0.386;大豆开花结荚期构建的模型和鼓粒成熟期构建的模型都有比较高的精度和可靠性,利用这两种模型完成了高光谱影像鲜生物量的遥感空间制图,能反映当地当时大豆的真实长势情况。     

The pelagic habitat analysis module for ecosystem‐based fisheries science and management

We have developed a set of tools that operate within an aquatic geographic information system to improve the accessibility, and usability of remote‐sensed satellite and computer‐modeled oceanographic data for marine science and ecosystem‐based management. The tools form the Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module (PHAM), which can be applied as a modeling platform, an investigative aid in scientific research, or utilized as a decision support system for marine ecological management. Applications include fisheries, marine biology, physical and biological oceanography, and marine spatial management. The GIS provides a home for diverse data types and automated tools for downloading remote sensed and global circulation model data. Within the GIS environment, PHAM provides a framework for seamless interactive four‐dimensional visualization, for matching between disparate data types, for flexible statistic or mechanistic model development, and for dynamic application of user developed models for habitat, density, and probability predictions. Here we describe PHAM in the context of ecosystem‐based fisheries management, and present results from case study projects which guided development. In the first, an analysis of the purse seine fishery for tropical tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed oceanographic drivers of the catch distribution and the influence of climate‐driven circulation patterns on the location of fishing grounds. To support management of the Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the California Current Ecosystem, a simple empirical habitat utilization model was developed and used to dynamically predict the seasonal range expansion of common thresher shark based on oceanographic conditions.     

广西县级林地变更调查试点技术方法

为探索广西县级林地年度变更调查技术方法,以鹿寨县为例,运用遥感自动检测技术、森林资源管理信息平台等,对地类及管理属性变化图斑进行变更,形成本期林地数据库和林地变化数据库。文章分析了林地变更调查的关键技术方法,指出了存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.     

Seasonal movements of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern gulf of Mexico

1. Seasonal movements and core habitat areas of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern Gulf of Mexico were tracked via satellite telemetry. Tagged turtles were incidentally captured by recreational fishermen and rehabilitated at the Institute for Marine Mammal Studies in Gulfport, Mississippi.
2. The average size of the core habitat areas (50% KDE (kernel density estimation)) was 1660.2 km² ± 3438.2 SD. Turtles displayed strong intra‐ and inter‐annual site fidelity to the Mississippi Sound during the spring, summer, and autumn months. During the winter months, most turtles, probably influenced by water temperatures, migrated to nearshore waters of Louisiana on either side of the Mississippi River Delta. However, other migration strategies were also observed.
3. Overall, these data indicate that the Mississippi Sound is an important developmental habitat for this critically endangered species. In addition, their wintering grounds in Louisiana are utilized by adult Kemp's ridleys and other sea turtle species as foraging grounds and migratory corridors. The high use of these areas by sea turtle populations increases the potential for negative impacts from anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. shrimp trawling, oil production, hypoxia) that occur there.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.